Biyernes, Setyembre 14, 2012

I Love EduBlogging!


Learning is a gradual and continuous process. It's not just neither confined on the four corners of a classroom nor doesn't end in graduation day but only the start of learning, learning what life is and how to cope with it. It will only stop when the learner want


The traditional learning, as what others might think, is reading books (bunch books rather) and learning from a teacher in school. However, we are already in a century works on high-technology. trough this, one can learn not just by reading books rather by surfing in the world wide web. Therefore, learning is also done globally through information technology that comes from different discipline, from simple to complex form.


This article wants to make an emphasis on what I learn as a blogger in EduBlogging. But first, let's define what blog is. Blog is an informational site published in the internet and it consists of posts composed by the blogger. Posts are discrete entries may be made up of facts or information, opinions or a personal view and arranged in chronological order. It also allows reader to leave a comment in a particular post or article. 

Hence, EduBlogging, from its root word "edu" which means education, is writing an article that is informative. On the other hand, it is a means of reaching out  to other people by means  teaching and learning. It's not just a monologue rather a dialogue between the reader and the composer. It's you between the World, I should say. Everyone can see and read what you write. Everyone has an opportunity to learn through blogs.



I describe Edublogging in two words: TEACHING and LEARNING.


Edublogging is teaching. This is because blogger could write anything based on facts. Through this, everyone has an opportunity to be an Educator. One can share what he knows to the world provided that the article is written is reliable and sources are mentioned as well so that the reader can visit the sites for gaining more information. 

Edublogging is learning. Articles from edublog can be a form of learning materials however as i said awhile ago it should be reliable. Readers  can gain more information in the blog because others write an article with a summarized version of all or some of the information about the topic. it is equipped with a comment portion to say something about the particular topic or reader can raise question to the blogger. A blogger couldn't write a good article if he doesn't read many sources from books or in the internet. By that, blogger is also a learner. 

 This might be a reflection on what I've learned on EduBlogging. At first, it sounds weird and I cant imagine myself creating my own blog, thinking this is not MY THING and I'm not into it! I'm asking myself how can I write a good article if I'm not enjoying it.  But as time goes by  and reading those articles I composed, I realize that I CAN and this is "NOT MY THING" instead "THIS IS ME" and this is who I am. Every article i wrote is always comes from my heart. Every article is unique fro the others and it also shows a part of me. Though at first i see it only as a requirement in my Clinical Chemistry III subject, but now I am dedicated to write and i hope that I can write more articles as I can to help others especially to help myself.

Through edublogging, I learn how to get out on my comfort zone. I follow other bloggers and some follow my blogs too. It teach me to be sociable and it make me realize that I'm not the only person in the world, it's not me against the world rather it's me and the world. I learn how not to be ruled by inertia. I learned new skills such as meta-analysis and constructive criticism. It teach how to work on my weaknesses and improve myself. 
These are all because of my professor in my Clinical Chemistry III. I want to say thank you for all the things i learned from her. I cant say it verbally cause I'm a little bit shy but I want to show gratitude to you ma'am. I was able to come up with this blog because of you. I was inspired by you. And I am so thankful. I hope you can able to read this :))) 

I Love blogging, especially EDUBLOGGING!!



Photocredit:

Martes, Hulyo 10, 2012

Toxicology: A Danger Zone

Photo credit: http://cdn.printablesigns.net/samples/Danger_Toxic_Chemicals.pnghttp://cdn.printablesigns.net/samples/Danger_Toxic_Chemicals.png

Fig 1: Toxic Hazard Symbol


What comes in to your mind when you see this sign?? For me, I think of danger, with the skull and bones crossed it really seem that there is a danger. During my childhood days, I thought that when I touch a chemical or substance with a sign like that attached to it my hands would be molten. I was really afraid that time.




 DEFINITION
Toxicology is the study of the adverse effect of chemicals in organisms especially on humans, its symptoms, route of exposure, detection of toxicity, mechanisms, and treatment.In layman's term, toxicology is the study of poisons.

Just a brief history, during early times cave dwellers discovered the poisonous plants and animals, and they used their extracts for  hunting and as weapons. There was also a written evidence that opium, hemlock, arrow poisons and some metals were used to against their enemies and for execution.  

DIVISION OF TOXICOLOGY
  1. Analytical Toxicology - is the study of determining  the toxicant through analysis of body fluids, stomach content, excrement or skin. 
  2. Clinical Toxicology - is the study of interrelationships between exposure and disease state.  
  3. Descriptive Toxicology - it uses the results from animal experiments to predict what  level of exposure will cause injury or harm in humans.
  4. Environmental Toxicology -  is the concerned with the study on chemicals that can contaminate food, water, soil or the atmosphere.
  5. Forensic Toxicology - it is concerned with the medicolegal cases of toxin exposure.
  6. Food Toxicology - is  involved in delivering a safe and edible supply of to the consumer.
  7. Mechanistic Toxicology - is a study in it elucidates the cellular and biochemical effects of toxins. ti provides a basis on rational therapy designs and development of tests to assess the toxicity of individual to certain chemicals.
  8. Occupational (Industrial) Toxicology - it is a study which is concerned with the effects on health from exposure to chemicals in the working area. This is to protect workers from toxic substances and to make their working environment safe. 
  9. Regulatory Toxicology - it gathers and evaluates existing toxicological information to establish concentration-based standards of safe exposure.
TERMINOLOGY
Toxicity - refers to the degree in which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury. It is dependent on the following factors: duration and route of exposure, structure of the chemical, dose and human factors.

Toxic - refers to the poisonous or deadly effect  of chemical in the body.


Toxicant - is any chemical than can injure or kill living organisms. The term is used when referring to human-made products.  

Toxin - refers to toxic substance that is naturally produced. it is any poisonous substance of microbial, vegetable or synthetic chemical that reacts with certain cellular components to alter growth or development, or kill cells or the organism itself. 


EXPOSURE TO TOXINS
Exposure to toxic agents can occur in various reasons. it can be an intentional suicide attempt, wherein person uses a toxic chemicals or overdose of drug to kill himself. It may be only caused by accidental exposure which frequently occurs in children and accidental drug overdose of either therapeutic or illicit drugs which is frequently occurs in adults. Occupational exposure occurs in agricultural and industrial settings.

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE:
  • Ingestion
  • Inhalation
  • Transdermal absorption









 Reference:
Bishop et al, Clinical Chemistry: Techniques, Principles, Correlations. 6th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. Chapter 30. pg. 622

 




Miyerkules, Mayo 16, 2012

Endocrinology:Overview

Endocrinology is the study of endocrine system,its organs, hormones and diseases associated to it. Endocrine system is an intricate system that forms messages and chemical signals which controls the body functions and responses. It consists of glands that secrete hormones into the circulation. 


Functions of Endocrine System:
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and Development
  • Mobilizing body defense against stressors
  • Maintaining electrolytes, water, and nutrient balance of the blood
  • Regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance




Figure 1: The Major Endocrine Glands and Their Locations in the Human Body



The above figure shows the different major glands of the endocrine system which are the: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, parathyroid, thymus, pineal, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary and testes. These glands are located in the different parts of the body. Lets locate them one by one. Pituitary gland is located in the cranial cavity. Thyroid is in the neck. Thymus is in the thoracic cavity. The adrenal glands and pancreas are in the abdominal cavity. And the ovaries and testes are in the pelvic region. These glands secrete different hormones for a specific response to the body. The hormones they release regulate basic drives and emotions such as sexual urges, violence, anger, fear,sorrow and joy. Here is a summary of the glands and their functions on their target tissues.

Table 1: Endocrine Glands, Hormones and their Target Tissues and Responses



GLAND
HORMONE
TARGET TISSUE
RESPONSES
Pituitary Gland
Anterior








































Pituitary Gland
Posterior






Growth Hormone
Most tissues
Increases protein synthesis, breakdown of lipids and release of fatty acids from cells; Increase blood sugar levels
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid Gland

Increases thyroid hormone secretion (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal Cortex

Increases secretion of glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol; Increases skin pigmentation at high concentration
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Melanocyte in skin

Increases melanin production in melanocytes to make the skin darker in color
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) or Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
Ovary in females; Testes in males
Promotes ovulation and progesterone production in the ovary; Testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testes
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Follicle in ovary in females; Seminiferous tubules in males

Promotes follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovary; Sperm cell production in testes
Prolactin


Ovary and mammary gland in females, testes in males


Stimulates milk production and prolongs progesterone secretion following ovulation and during pregnancy in woman; Increases sensitivity to LH in males
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Kidney

Increases water reabsorption (less water is lost as urine
Oxytocin

Uterus

Mammary Gland


Increases uterine contractions
Increases milk “let down” from mammary gland
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone (Throxine and Triiodothyronine)
Most cells of the body
Increases metabolic rats, essential for normal process of growth and maturation
Calcitonin
Primarily Bone
Decreases rate of bone breakdown; Prevents large increase in blood Calcium levels following a meal
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone
Bone, Kidney
Increases rate of bone breakdown by osteoclasts; Increases Vit.D synthesis, essential for maintenance of normal blood calcium levels
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine mostly, some Norepinephrine
Heart, Blood vessels, Liver, Fat cells
Increases cardiac output; Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart; Increases release of glucose and fatty acids into blood; In general, prepares the body for physical activity
Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Kidneys; to lesser degree, Intestine and Sweat Gland
Increases rate of sodium transport into body; Increases rate of Potassium excretion; Secondarily favor water retention
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Most tissues (e.g. Liver, Fat, Skeletal Muscles, Immune Tissues)
Increases fat and protein breakdown; Increases glucose synthesis from amino acids; Increases blood nutrient levels; Inhibits inflammation and immune response
Adrenal Androgen
Mot tissues
Insignificant in males; Increase female sexual drive, pubic hair and axillary hair growth
Pancreas
Insulin
Especially liver, skeletal muscle, Adipose tissue
Increase uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
Glucagon
Primarily Liver
Increase breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the circulatory system
Reproductive Organs
Testes
Ovaries

Uteus, Ovaries, Inflammed Tissues

Testosterone

Most tissues

Aid in sperm cell production, maintenance of functional reproductive organs,  secondary sexual characteristics, and sexual behavior
Estrogen and Progesterone
Most tissues

Aid in uterine and mammary gland development and function, external genitalia structure, secondary sexual characteristics, sexual behavior and menstrual cycle
Prostaglandins
Most tissues
Mediate inflammatory responses; Increases uterine contractions and ovulation
Thymus Gland
Thymosin
Immune tissues
Promote immune system  development and function
Pineal Body
Melatonin
At least the hypothalamus
Inhibits  secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thereby inhibiting reproduction


 Hormone is a substance secreted by endocrine tissues that acts on a target tissue to produce a specific response.They possess a high degree of structural specificity. They regulate any alteration in their molecular composition results a drastic change in their physiological activity. Hormones transmit messages to a distant target organ to create a specific action. These are divided into three chemical classes, and these are aromatic amines,steroid hormones and protein hormones. These hormones differ from one another based on their structure, chemical composition, mechanism of action and metabolism.

Homeostasis depends on the precise regulation of organs and organ system. Endocrine and nervous system are the two major systems responsible for regulation and maintenance of homeostasis.They coordinate and regulate together almost all other body structures. They coordinate harmoniously to promote growth and development, respond with the stimuli,and body's internal state of balance. They have somewhat synonymous functions and mode of action in terms of their regulatory functions but they differ in other important ways.They differ in a way they transmit information throughout the tissues. Endocrine system releases chemical signal in the bloodstream to carry them to all parts of the body,thereby controlling the activity of the body tissues. It usually respond more slowly and has a longer-lasting effects.Whereas, nervous system sends action potentials along axons which release chemical signals at their ends near the cell they control. The cells which can detect the chemical signals produce responses and it acts more quickly and has short-term effects.

Table 2: Differentiation of Nervous System and Endocrine System


Nervous System
Endocrine System
Mediators
Neurotransmitter
Hormones
Site of Action
Close to the site of release
Far from the site of release
Type of Target Cell
Muscles, cells, glands
Cells throughout the body
Time of onset of action
Milliseconds
Hours to days
Duration of action
Brief
Longer

The release of hormones should be regulated and maintained. if not, the hypo or hyper secretion of any of the said hormones have a counterpart diseases or disorders such as:

1) Goiter
  • enlargement of the thyroid gland due to deficient iodine
Figure 2: A woman with Goiter

2)Myxedema
  • hypothyroidism in adults
Figure 3: A man with myxedema
3)Addison's Disease
  • hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones 
Figure 4: Patient with Addison's Disease
 4)Cretinism
  • lack of stimulation of thyroid galnd during childhood
Figure 5: A child with cretinism

5) Gigantism
  • hypersecretion of Growth ormone during childhood
Figure 6: A man with gigantism, together with ladies with a normal height
These disease are only few of the diseases associated with the hyper or hyposecretion of hormones.

Thank you for reading! hope you enjoy and gain more knowledge about the topic. Its more fun to learn. Watch out for the next topic we will be talking about. have a great day ahead!
 
Photo Credit:
http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?start=36&num=10&um=1&hl=fil&biw=1024&bih=636&tbm=isch&tbnid=rb1xYseyyH7SEM:&imgrefurl=http://www.as.miami.edu/chemistry/2086/adrenal%2520glands%2520-%2520end.htm&docid=UO0SHnGt_HnOJM&imgurl=http://www.as.miami.edu/chemistry/2086/Adrenal%252520glands%252520-%252520end_files/image002.jpg&w=600&h=459&ei=1Y3LT8mYLYrumAXBqbTlDg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=407&vpy=222&dur=3954&hovh=196&hovw=257&tx=221&ty=133&sig=106199015242413653353&page=3&tbnh=149&tbnw=196&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:17,s:36,i:89
http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?num=10&um=1&hl=fil&biw=1024&bih=636&tbm=isch&tbnid=KWd6YucyhqEzlM:&imgrefurl=http://www.liveliketim.com/html/iodine/iodinehealth.html&docid=LwA7XeALG23uOM&imgurl=http://www.liveliketim.com/images/Cretinism.jpg&w=210&h=260&ei=jY_LT6XILebFmQWJrbz0Dg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=508&vpy=144&dur=985&hovh=208&hovw=168&tx=107&ty=145&sig=106199015242413653353&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=139&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:70
http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?num=10&um=1&hl=fil&biw=1024&bih=636&tbm=isch&tbnid=7onleQFbrC2nhM:&imgrefurl=http://misskay03.edu.glogster.com/gigantism/&docid=SQcihpGguu9BzM&imgurl=http://edu.glogster.com/media/5/17/28/95/17289582.jpg&w=440&h=553&ei=mo_LT_qaKbCWmQWk0bCCDw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=366&sig=106199015242413653353&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=153&tbnw=122&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:66&tx=79&ty=98
Reference:
Kaplan, L., Pesce, A., Clinical Chemistry Theory 2nd Edition, Analysis and Correlation, Chapter 40, pg 608
Seeley R. et al, Essential of Anatomy and Physiology 6h Edition, Chapter 10, pg 269-295